〜し
- Pattern
- 〜し
- Level
- N4
- Reading
- 〜し is used to link clauses and list multiple reasons or descriptions, often implying there are even more reasons not mentioned. It attaches to plain forms of verbs, adjectives, and noun + だ (e.g. 行くし, 綺麗だし, 学生だし). It contrasts with the standard て-form for linking, which is more neutral, while 〜し highlights specific reasons leading to a conclusion. level: N4, nuance: conversational, explanatory.
- Meaning
- and, what's more (listing reasons/states)
- Example
この店は安いし、美味しいし、いつもいっぱいです。 This shop is cheap, delicious, and always crowded.